注释：〔1〕孔子说三代因仍损益，而不上及唐虞的问题， 汉朝董仲舒已经注意到了。《汉书》本传载，仲舒对策有云：“孔子曰：‘殷因于夏礼，所损益可知也；周因于殷礼，所损益可知也；其或继周者，虽百世可知也。’此言百王之用，以此三者矣。夏因于虞，而独不言所损益者，其道如一，而所上同也。道之大原出于天。天不变道亦不变。是以禹继舜，舜继尧，三圣相受而守一道，亡救弊之政也，故不言其所损益也。”按，董氏此说不可从。若如所言，则何以不说殷因于唐礼，而因于夏礼呢？〔2〕元陈澔《礼记集说》注语。〔3〕《春秋经传集解》隐公十一年左氏注。〔4〕《辞海》“礼”字条。〔5〕《史记·商君列传》。〔6〕〔19〕恩格斯语，见《马克思恩格斯选集》第2版第4卷， 人民出版社1995年。第149页、第55页。〔7〕〔16〕引自《马克思恩格斯全集》第19卷，第450页。〔8〕〔9〕〔10〕〔11〕〔12〕〔13〕〔14〕《新的考古发现和研究》，中国社会院考古研究所编著，文物出版社1984年出版。第69、85、121、125、75页。〔15〕见《先秦史论稿》，巴蜀书社。第29—30页。〔17〕原载《思想战线》1979年第3期， 收入《中国封建史论集》。〔18〕例如张广志先生最近发表的论著《奴隶社会并非人类必经阶段研究》，即持此说，可。Abstract: Historians from the pre -Qing Dynasty until1949 are mostly of the opinion thatthe over 2000 years ofthe dynasties of the Xia, Shang and Zhou was a developingperiod in Chinese history. " The well -field system"characteristic of the village communes of the said threedynasties was the social basis, and the great majority of theproducers was the peasants, the farm slaves of the state. Inthis social stage, although there were some slavery elements,they existed only at homes, which was insignificant in theeconomic life of the society. Therefore, this social stageshould be feudalistic in nature. It was not a slave society.