关键词:科举;观念史;长时段 On the Conceptual Basis of the Imperial Examination System Abstract: Recruiting talents for the empire was an important issue in ancient Chinese reigning theory. Several factors in the development of early Chinese history had contributed to the formation of a mechanism for civil recruitment which had later become a fixed pattern of thinking for the dynastic rulers and the conceptual basis of various recruitment systems including the “scrutiny method” and “the imperial examination system”. The idea of recruiting “shi”, as a conception of longue durèe, was an important reason for the longevity of the imperial examination system. Key words: the imperial examination system; longue durèe 科举制度虽然产生于隋唐,但科举的思想观念却由来已久。根据儒家的观点,在垂范后世的远古三代,乡举里选、选贤任能已是通行的做法,而且统治者能够选贤用贤被看做是一种理想社会的重要标志。自汉代以降,选拔贤能似乎就成为历代统治者统治思想中的一个重要内容。科举制度正是这种观念的一种表现形式。科举制之所以能延续一千余年,除了政治社会原因外,肯定有其观念上的基础,因为任何一种制度都会反映出特定的文化和观念取向。所谓观念,这里不是指孔子、荀子或哪位政治家、教育家的思想和观念,而是指处于中国传统文化中集体的和无意识层次的观念。这种观念可以借用法国年鉴学派“长时段”(longue durèe)的概念,称之为长时段观念,它不随着一朝一姓的更替变化而变化,而保持似乎静止不动的稳定性,有着“自己的生命节奏和成长节奏”。[1]也可以将它归之于葛照光所说的“一般思想”,这是“一种‘日用而不知’的普遍知识和思想,……它一方面背靠人们不言而喻的终极的依据和假设,建立起一套有效的理解,一方面在日常生活中起着解释与操作的作用”。[2] 众所周知,科举是古代中国一种选拔官吏的制度,其基本特征是公开地从社会中择材取士,征召官吏。从理论上讲,国家对人才的需求可通过两种方式给予满足,用古人的术语说,一是养士,一是取士。养士即培养人才,根据不同的需要和数量培养所需的人才。而取士的出发点与养士迥异,它建立在这样一种观念之上,即人 [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] 下一页
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